Conceptualização/categorização do estupro: um estudo socio-histórico-cognitivo

Abstract

The Thesis, summarized here, aimed to contribute to the understanding of how RAPE is conceptualized/categorized in journalistic texts produced in Brazil between the 19th and 21st centuries. Therefore, the study had as research source the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo and sought to: a) discuss the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models, Theory of Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy, Theory of Image Schemes, Frame Semantics; b) investigate and analyze metaphorical and metonymic expressions and explain conceptual structuring through imagery schemes; c) analyze, in the Brazilian space, the socio-historical, political, ideological and cultural facts intertwined in the conceptualizations found of this act of sexual violence; d) analyze whether the difference between the textual genre and the conceptualizer interferes in the conceptualization/categorization of RAPE; e) check maintenance, variations and changes in the way of conceptualizing/categorizing it in the course of the established time frame; and f) to present conceptual metaphors and metonymies, imagery schemes and frames related to the conceptualization/categorization of RAPE from the corpus. The theoretical support was the studies of Cognitive Linguistics, in particular the contributions of Lakoff and Johnson (1980; 1999), Lakoff (1987, 1993, 2007), Johnson (1987), Barcelona (2012, 2009[1996]), Peña Cervel (2012), Fillmore (1982), Rosch (1978, 2011), Kövecses (1988, 1990, 2000, 2002, 2010, 2014, 2015), Kleiber (1995), Almeida (2021, 2020, 2018, 2016), Duque (2016), Eco (2013, 2007), Feltes (2007). We adopted an interdisciplinary perspective and proposed a discussion that, in addition to embracing assumptions of Cognitive Linguistics, followed the north of Historical Linguistics, based on Cognitive-Socio-Historical Semantics. Furthermore, it also adopted premises from studies on textual genres and, finally, it resorted to contributions from Lexicography (BLUTEAU, 1728; SILVA, 1789; PINTO, 1832; AURÉLIO, 1986; AULETE, 2020). It also sought to expand the interdisciplinary character, initially proposed between different strands of Linguistics, in order to also trace dialogues with researchers from History (SOARES, 1999; VIEIRA, 2011), Geography (CAVALCANTI, 2002), Philosophy (DESCARTES, 1996 [1595-1650]), Biology (INGOLD, 1995) and Law (VIANNA, 2002; WAITES, 2005). With regard to the methodological design, the study developed was based on a qualitative methodology, based on the paradigm of introspection, with a descriptive-interpretive, bibliographical and documentary nature. The corpus was composed of journalistic texts, collected in the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, produced from the 19th to the 21st century and was constituted from the assumptions of the Theory of Fractals (MANDELBROT, 1983; ALMEIDA, 2020) and the Theoretical Saturation Technique ( SANTANA, 2019). The results were organized from the identified domains of experience, such as the FLORA and VIOLENCE domains, and showed that the conceptualization/categorization of RAPE is carried out through several metaphorical and metonymic mappings, such as the metaphor RAPE IS LOSS OF THE FLOWER and the metonymy VIOLENCE THROUGH RAPE, structured by I-schemas, from various source domains, members of different frames that are interconnected and constitute the RAPE domain. In addition, no signs of conceptual change over time were observed in the corpus, nor in relation to the textual genre and the conceptualizer, but a change in perspective, which produces concept specifications, both coexisting in certain periods and promoting variation, such as metonymy VIOLENCE BY RAPE, which is found throughout the period investigated, but the specification GENDER VIOLENCE BY RAPE is only found in the 21st century. This differentiated perspective creates other categories of an existing perspective, being related to the social, cultural, historical, political and ideological context in which they were produced. Finally, the study of metaphors and metonymies, as well as image schemes and frames, made it possible to reflect on the conceptualizations/categorizations of RAPE in use.