BIM para desconstrução via passaporte de materiais: ferramentas integradas a serviço da economia circular

Abstract

The end of a building's life cycle usually culminates in destructive demolition processes and waste generation. Ignoring environmental impacts and the loss of remaining material value, this logic is a legacy of the so-called Linear Economy (LE). In contrast, the Circular Economy (CE) advocates for a production system based on reuse and the maximization of the extended lifespan of economic products. From the CE perspective, buildings are interpreted as "material banks" at the end of their useful lives, potentially becoming suitable as stock for new construction cycles. The planned and careful removal of parts, instead of simple demolition, is feasible through deconstruction. This practice has been catalyzed by the concept of Material Passport (MP), a qualitative, quantitative documentation of a building's material data, aiming to inventory its constituent elements for future repurposing. In light of this understanding, the guiding thread of this research is the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) with dismantling processes based on the concept of Materials Passport. The primary objective of the study is to propose a tool for creating, exporting, and sharing Materials Passports applied to existing building models operated by a BIM modeling software. In this context, the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology was employed for the development of the work, which encompassed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) focused on mapping solutions involving the use of BIM, database technologies, and activities related to CE. The repertoire extracted from the systematic review enabled the planning and development of the artifact for this work, which comprises a plugin compatible with Revit software in association with a prototype marketplace platform designed for reused materials. The evaluation of the produced artifact was carried out through empirical usability tests with a group of volunteers. The task proposed by the test was to execute the tool based on the information model of a housing project from the "Minha Casa, Minha Vida" program. Following the tests, individual questionnaires were applied to characterize the participant's experience, which also included a section for free observations and comments. The evaluations indicated that the artifact precisely met its intended purpose and clearly demonstrated its applicability. Based on the results and contributions provided, this work ultimately resulted in a framework for consolidating strategies that unify the developed tool with technologies and initiatives favorable to the implementation of the circular economy in construction. It is believed that the product of this research contributes to bringing BIM closer to more sustainable practices within the context of circularity and material preservation.