Linfoma linfoplasmablástico primário de canal anal em paciente imunocomprometido: relato de caso e revisão de literatura

Abstract

Introduction: Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an increased risk of developing neoplasms, including plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL). Although the primary presentation of PBL occurs in the oral cavity, cases in other locations, such as the anal canal, have been reported, constituting an atypical form. Objective: Report the case of a young-adult male patient living with HIV who presented with plasmablastic lymphoma of the anal cavity. Methodology: Descriptive observational study with retrospective analysis based on a clinical case. Data were obtained through medical records, an interview with the patient, and literature review using the PubMed, Scielo, Virtual Health Library MS, and NCBI platforms. The Free and Informed Consent Form (FICF) was applied to authorize the use of data. Case Report: A 50-year-old male patient reported the appearance of a tumor in the anal region, which began seven months ago, with progressive growth, associated with unintentional weight loss of 20 kg in six months and pain during defecation. The initial evaluation raised the hypothesis of anal cavity carcinoma as the probable diagnosis. However, the diagnosis was confirmed as plasmablastic lymphoma after immunohistochemical analysis. Discussion: The described case highlights that the differential diagnosis of tumoral lesions in the anal region is broad, including rare etiologies such as plasmablastic lymphoma, which in this location is an uncommon presentation. Conclusion: Plasmablastic lymphoma of the anal cavity is a rare and challenging diagnosis that requires high clinical suspicion. It presents a negative prognosis, complex management, and gaps in therapeutic consensus.