Efeitos do consumo de dieta hiperlipídica durante a gestação, lactação e pós-desmame sobre a estrutura óssea em ratos

Abstract

Introduction: The consumption of a high-fat diet promotes negative impacts on the health of offspring such as glycemic, cardiovascular and dyslipidemia changes. More recent studies suggest damage to bone structure from the consumption of this diet, but little is said about the relationship from maternal consumption. Objective: To evaluate the effects of high-fat diet consumption during pregnancy, lactation and post-weaning periods on the bone structure of adult rats. Methodology: The study was divided into two stages. In the first one, a systematic literature review was carried out with a search in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The inclusion criteria for the review were: use of high-fat diets, adult Wistar rats and bone structure analysis. In the second stage of the study, an experimental study was carried out in rats. The animals were divided into four subgroups: Control/Control (CC, n=6) – the mother consumed a control diet and the offspring maintained consumption after weaning; Control/Hyperlipid (CH, n=5) – the mother consumed the control diet and the offspring consumed the hyperlipidic diet after weaning; High Fat/Control (HC, n=9) – the mother consumed the high fat diet and the offspring the control after weaning; Hyperlipidic/Hyperlipidic (HH, n=8) – the mother consumed the high-fat diet and the offspring maintained consumption after weaning. Upon completing 90 days of life, the animals were euthanized and dissected for organ collection. The weight and length of the animals were analyzed, and the Lee index was also calculated. The amount of retroperitoneal adipose tissue and the dimensions of the femur (weight, distance between the epiphyses, distance between the trochanters and width of the midpoint of the diaphysis) and of the 4th lumbar vertebra (weight and length) were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPadPrism 5.0 program, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was used. For the parametric data, one-way ANOVA was used, followed by Bonferroni. For non-parametric data, the Mann-Whitney U test was used, followed by Kruskal-Wallis or Dunns. The study was approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at UFBA under protocol 04/2019. Results: The Lee index showed no statistical difference in the mean values between the groups. The amount of absolute and relative retroperitoneal adipose tissue was statistically higher in the HH and CH groups compared to the CC group. Femur weight was statistically lower in the HH and CH groups when compared to the CC group. The 4th lumbar vertebra had a statistically lower weight in the HH group compared to the CC group. The distance between the epiphyses and the width of the midpoint of the diaphysis were statistically smaller in the HH and CH groups compared to the CC group. The distance between the trochanters was statistically smaller in the HH group when compared to the CC group. The length of the 4th lumbar vertebra showed no statistical difference between the groups. Conclusion: The results of this dissertation suggest that the high-fat diet when consumed in the period of gestation, lactation and post weaning can harm the bone structure of the offspring and that the composition of the diets and the exposure time of the animals are determining factors.