A geografia da produção agropecuária brasileira: um olhar sustentável

Abstract

The distribution and intensification of agriculture are closely related to the externalities caused in rural areas and the exploitation of their natural resources, mainly because it is an extractive activity. Therefore, this research aims to answer the following question: "Is specialization in agricultural activity in Brazil associated with sustainable development conditions?" The objective of this study is to understand the patterns, structures, and processes that influence the distribution and arrangement of the spatial organization of the Brazilian agricultural sector. Specifically, it investigates the spatial distribution of economic specialization in agricultural production among Brazilian municipalities (Article A); examines the spatial distribution of economic specialization in agricultural production among Brazilian federative units and its relationship with dimensions of sustainable development (Article B). It analyzes agricultural policies implemented since the 2000s that are aligned with the principles of sustainable development and environmental conservation in different areas and biomes of Brazil, evaluating their impacts, directions, and contributions to the agricultural sector and sustainable development, simultaneously (Article C). Each of these articles focused on addressing specific issues related to the Brazilian agricultural sector, and together, they contribute to a broader and deeper understanding of the dynamics, challenges, and opportunities of this sector in our country. For this purpose, spatial analysis methods (Article A and B) and content analysis (Article C) were adopted. The main results provide insights into the complex dynamics involving agricultural activity in Brazil and its implications for sustainable development. In Article A, it was evident that the Brazilian agricultural sector is significant in the Midwest region, raising concerns about environmental degradation in the Cerrado biome. In Article B, regions such as the Midwest and North of the country stood out as highly specialized areas in agricultural production but face significant logistical challenges. The environmental dimension revealed the association between the use of pesticides and heat spots with greater specialization in agricultural production, representing a challenge for environmental conservation. Finally, Article C identified a wide range of programs and initiatives aimed at a more sustainable and resilient agricultural production sector. Although significant advances have been recognized in Brazil's approach to addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable development, some weaknesses compromising the effectiveness and long-term impact of these policies and programs were also highlighted. This research provided a comprehensive, detailed, and interdisciplinary view of the complex interaction between the Brazilian agricultural sector, sustainable development, and environmental conservation. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended to improve environmental governance and increase investment in research and development of sustainable agricultural technologies as essential measures to advance towards a more sustainable future for the Brazilian agribusiness. In addition to the imminent importance of thinking and planning policies aimed at environmental protection of the Cerrado/Savannah Biome.