A questão da subjetividade na virada antropológica de Ludwing Feuerbach: Um díálogo com Martinho Lutero

Abstract

The purpose of the present research is to do an analysis about the issue of the subjectivity in Ludwig Feuerbach’s anthropological project, showing, thus, his criticism to the subjectivity of the Christian religion, as well as to the secularization of the philosophical Modernity. The criticism from Feuerbach to the Christianism, consequent to the speculative philosophy, concentrates itself in its illusory character and in the subjectivism provided by the scission of the man from its own essence and by the accentuated elevation of the individual man, of the subject as absolute. Feuerbach, towards his principle of sensibility, intends to reestablish the unity of the human gender and to institute it as a normative fundament. For this reason, the anthropological revolution from Feuerbach has the intuit to rescue the generic essence of the man, in other words, the “subjective reality of gender, that is still found in the religion, distorted, secularized, but perfectly recoverable. The new philosophy has, therefore, the task of performing the thought, of giving objectivity to the being, becoming sensible the cognoscente subject. The anthropological turn proposed by Feuerbach sets up itself then as a determination of this new philosophy that presents towards the sensibility principle (Sinnlichkeit) a “soteriological project” to philosophy. Therefore, Feuerbach parts from the criticism of the speculative philosophy, centered in the identity between thinking and being, to the performance of the thought in the sensible, corporeal reality. The anthropological project from Feuerbach intends to reestablish in the man this unity between being and thinking. And while in the old philosophy (the modern philosophy) the starting point was the Cartesian “I think, therefore I am” that reduced the man to an abstract being, the new philosophy (the sensibility philosophy) initiates itself with the real being, “the corporeal being in its totality”.