Geração Distribuída: Uma Análise da sua Evolução no Brasil e sua Aplicação em um Estudo de Caso em um Lar para Idosos

Abstract

The power generation around the world is still based on large power plants located far from consumer centers. However, a new model of distributed generation (DG) is emerging in several countries, where the consumer produces his own energy (prosumer) close to the point of consumption, thus allowing greater autonomy and flexibility to users of the Brazilian electricity sector. Among the energy options for DG, solar photovoltaic (PV) stands out, this allows for a decentralized and CO2-free generation. Brazil is located in the intertropical zone, registering high levels of solar irradiation throughout the year, compared to countries that use this technology, which makes it a favorable place for its use. Solar PV distributed generation (PVDG) has gained notoriety in Brazil and has been expanding significantly since 2012, but it has also caused divergences of interests between consumers and energy distributors. In this context, this research aimed to understand the reality of DG in Brazil and to carry out a complete case study on the implementation of a PVDG system connected to the power grid. The methods adopted were: a large bibliographic study; contextualization and analysis of information from the Brazilian DG and the regulatory framework; preparation of previous studies, specifications and actions for the implementation of the PVDG project, ranging from its energy consumption and technical-economic feasibility analysis to its commissioning and monitoring of two first years of operation. The results obtained were: (i) the effective implantation and operation of the PVDG system (installation of the order of 20 kWp for microgeneration) in a nursing home in 2019, where the system was framed under the electric energy compensation regime (net metering), where its economic and financial viability presents: a simple 4-year payback, a 4- year discounted payback; an average monthly savings generated in the electricity bill over a year of R$ 2,074.80; (ii) The establishment of a set of recommended steps for the adequate and qualified realization of a complete project for the implementation of a PVDG system. The conclusions obtained were: (i) the current Brazilian environment is very favorable to the expansion of PVDG, which is evidenced by the growth of the DG market in recent years; (ii) there were divergences of interests between energy distributors and consumers; (iii) there were six scenarios proposed by ANEEL for DG, where in five of them, the benefits of prosumers will be reduced (iv) In 2022, Law No . 14300/2022 (regulatory framework) was approved, which definitively resolved the differences between consumers/prosumers and distributors; (v) the PVDG system is working satisfactorily as planned and its process.