Efeito de estímulos emocionais e do humor na memória operacional visual

Abstract

Estudos recentes buscam entender como os estímulos emocionais e o estado emocional podem interferir em processos cognitivos. A memória operacional (MO) é uma função cognitiva importante, por exemplo, para a aprendizagem e tomada de decisão. A MO é a capacidade de manipular informação na mente por um período de tempo. O objetivo da presente tese foi avaliar o efeito de imagens com valência emocional e alterações do humor na formação do binding visual objeto-localização da MO. A tese está divida em 2 estudos empíricos. No estudo empírico I, o objetivo foi analisar a capacidade máxima de recordação e a ordem de apresentação das imagens emocionais na formação do binding visual objeto-localização da MO. Os objetivos específicos foram de testar os modelos de ‘Slot’ e Recursos Compartilhados de capacidade máxima de binding em diferentes condições e avaliar qual o efeito da ordem de apresentação de imagens negativas sobre a recordação das imagens na formação do binding objeto-localização. Participaram nesse estudo, 106 estudantes universitários, sem histórico de transtornos psiquiátricos ou neurológicos. Para a construção do experimento foram utilizadas imagens do International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Foram selecionadas 24 imagens, sendo 12 de valência emocional neutra e 12 de valência emocional negativa. O experimento foi computadorizado e inserido dentro da plataforma Unit na linguagem C#. Foram realizados 4 experimentos com diferentes quantidades e ordens de apresentação das imagens emocionais em um bloco seriado. No experimento 1 foram apresentadas 4 imagens por bloco, experimento 2, 6 imagens por bloco, experimento 3, 8 imagens por bloco, experimento 4, 12 imagens por bloco. A ordem de apresentação das imagens neutras e negativas foi diferente para testar as hipóteses. Para a análise de dados foi utilizado estatística descritiva e inferencial com os testes de Friedman, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-walls e post hoc de Connover e Dunn. Os resultados dos experimentos indicam que as imagens negativas captam mais recursos atencionais ao mesmo tempo que produz mais “ruídos” na formação dos binding visuais. Por isso que a quantidade de imagens negativas e a ordem que elas são apresentadas interferem na formação do binding. Outro achado é que a medida que é aumentado a quantidade de imagens apresentadas o controle top-down para priorização das imagens passa a ser bottom-up. No estudo Empírico II o objetivo foi avaliar a relação entre Depressão Maior e o seu efeito sobre a formação do binding visual objetolocalização com uso imagens emocionais. Adicionalmente o estudo tem objetivo de investigar o efeito da indução de humor sobre o binding visual objetolocalização de imagens emocionais com diferentes tempos de intervalo para recordação. Foram selecionadas 24 imagens, sendo 12 de valência emocional neutra e 12 de valência emocional negativa. O experimento foi computadorizado e inserido dentro da plataforma Unit na linguagem C#. Foi utilizado o experimento com 4 imagens, sendo 2 neutras e 2 negativas em blocos de 4 imagens de maneira seriada. Os participantes foram um total de 168 pessoas esses foram divididos em grupos sendo, 136 estudantes universitários; 16 pessoas com até o 2o Grau Completo; 16 com Diagnóstico Psiquiátrico de Depressão Maior. Dentro do grupo de estudantes Universitários foram divididos em 4 grupos. O primeiro grupo com tempo de intervalo para recordação de 8 segundo e humor neutro, segundo grupo com tempo de intervalo de 1 segundo e humor neutro, terceiro grupo, tempo de intervalo de 1 segundo e humor induzido e o quarto grupo, tempo de intervalo de 8 segundos e humor induzido. Para a indução de humor negativo foi utilizado o procedimento de indução de humor de Velten. Os resultados indicaram que a indução do humor não foi suficiente para diminuir significativamente a capacidade de formação do binding visual apesar de ter sido encontrados diferenças. O tempo de intervalo para a recordação (1segundo X 8 Segundos) também não foi suficiente para diminuir significativamente a capacidade de binding. Ao comparar a capacidade de binding entre os Grupos Universitários, Não universitários e com Depressão Maior, o Grupo Universitário apresentou um melhor desempenho, seguido dos Não Universitários e o pior desempenho para o grupo com Depressão Maior. Ao analisar o total de imagens recordadas, dividindo entre as imagens neutras e negativas entre os 3 grupos citados anteriormente, foi possível observar que as imagens negativas são mais recordadas que as neutras, no entanto no grupo com Depressão Maior essa diferença apresentou um maior tamanho de efeito. O grupo com Depressão Maior apresentou uma menor capacidade de binding geral, mas uma maior tendência de lembrar das imagens negativas. O estudo da relação entre emoções e cognição, continua sendo um desafio a ser conquistado. O trabalho com imagens emocionais adiciona mais uma variável importante para a compreensão do fenômeno da codificação e recordação dos estímulos na memória. Tentar encontrar marcadores cognitivos que auxiliem na identificação e o risco para a Depressão Maior e o comportamento humano continua sendo um grande estímulo para as pesquisas futuras, apesar de o presente estudo ter encontrado resultados promissores

Recent studies seek to understand how emotional stimuli and emotional states can interfere with cognitive processes. Working Memory (WM) is an important cognitive function, for example, for learning and decision making. WM is the ability to manipulate information in the mind for a period of time. The aim of the present thesis was to evaluate the effect of images with emotional valence and humor alterations in the formation of object-oriented visual binding of WM. The thesis is divided into 2 empirical studies. In the empirical study I, the objective was to analyze the maximum recall capacity and the order of presentation of the emotional images in the formation of the object-location visual binding of WM. The specific objectives were to test the models of 'Slot' and Shared Capabilities of maximum binding capacity in different conditions and to evaluate the effect of the order of presentation of negative images in the recall of the images in the formation of object-location binding. 106 university students with no history of psychiatric or neurological disorders participated in this study. Images of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) were used for the construction of the experiment. We selected 24 images, 12 of which were neutral emotional valence and 12 of negative emotional valence. The experiment was computerized and inserted inside the Unit platform in the C # language. Four experiments were carried out with different quantities and orders of presentation of the emotional images in a block series. In experiment 1, 4 images were presented per block, experiment 2, 6 images per block, experiment 3, 8 images per block, experiment 4, 12 images per block. The order of presentation of the neutral and negative images was different to test the hypotheses. For the data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used with the Friedman, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-walls and post hoc tests of Connover and Dunn. The results of the experiments indicate that negative images capture more attentional resources while producing more "noise" in the formation of visual binding. That is why the amount of negative images and the order they are presented interferes with the formation of binding. Another finding is that you increase the amount of images presented the top-down control for prioritizing the bottom-up images. In the empirical study II the objective was to evaluate the relationship between Major Depression and its effect on the formation of visual object-location binding with emotional images. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the effect of humor induction on the visual object-location binding of emotional images with different interval times for recall. We selected 24 images, 12 of which were neutral emotional valence and 12 of negative emotional valence. The experiment was computerized and inserted inside the Unit platform in the C # language. It was used the experiment with 4 images, being 2 neutral and 2 negative in blocks of 4 images in a serial way. The participants were a total of 168 people who were divided into groups being 136 college students; 16 people with up to 2nd Full Degree; 16 with Psychiatric Diagnosis of Major Depression. Within the group of university students were divided into 4 groups. The first group with interval time for recall of 8 seconds and neutral mood, second group with interval time of 1 second and neutral mood, third group, interval time of 1 second and induced mood, and the fourth group, interval time of 8 seconds and induced mood. For the induction of negative mood was used the procedure of induction of humor of Velten. The results indicated that the induction of humor was not sufficient to significantly decrease the capacity of visual binding formation despite differences being found. The interval time for recall (1 second X 8 Seconds) was also not sufficient to significantly decrease binding capacity. When comparing the binding capacity between the University Groups, Non University and Major Depression, the University Group presented a better performance, followed by Non University students and the worse performance for the group with Major Depression. When analyzing the total of images recalled, dividing between the neutral and negative images between the three groups mentioned above, it was possible to observe that the negative images are more remembered than the neutral ones, nevertheless in the group with Major Depression this difference presented a larger size of It is made. The Major Depression group had a lower overall binding capacity, but a greater tendency to remember negative images. The study of the relationship between emotions and cognition remains a challenge to be won. The work with emotional images adds yet another important variable for the understanding of the phenomenon of codification and memory. Trying to find cognitive markers that help identify and risk Major Depression and human behavior continues to be a great stimulus for future research, although the present study has found promising results.

Recent studies seek to understand how emotional stimuli and emotional states can interfere with cognitive processes. Working Memory (WM) is an important cognitive function, for example, for learning and decision making. WM is the ability to manipulate information in the mind for a period of time. The aim of the present thesis was to evaluate the effect of images with emotional valence and humor alterations in the formation of object-oriented visual binding of WM. The thesis is divided into 2 empirical studies. In the empirical study I, the objective was to analyze the maximum recall capacity and the order of presentation of the emotional images in the formation of the object-location visual binding of WM. The specific objectives were to test the models of 'Slot' and Shared Capabilities of maximum binding capacity in different conditions and to evaluate the effect of the order of presentation of negative images in the recall of the images in the formation of object-location binding. 106 university students with no history of psychiatric or neurological disorders participated in this study. Images of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) were used for the construction of the experiment. We selected 24 images, 12 of which were neutral emotional valence and 12 of negative emotional valence. The experiment was computerized and inserted inside the Unit platform in the C # language. Four experiments were carried out with different quantities and orders of presentation of the emotional images in a block series. In experiment 1, 4 images were presented per block, experiment 2, 6 images per block, experiment 3, 8 images per block, experiment 4, 12 images per block. The order of presentation of the neutral and negative images was different to test the hypotheses. For the data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used with the Friedman, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-walls and post hoc tests of Connover and Dunn. The results of the experiments indicate that negative images capture more attentional resources while producing more "noise" in the formation of visual binding. That is why the amount of negative images and the order they are presented interferes with the formation of binding. Another finding is that you increase the amount of images presented the top-down control for prioritizing the bottom-up images. In the empirical study II the objective was to evaluate the relationship between Major Depression and its effect on the formation of visual object-location binding with emotional images. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the effect of humor induction on the visual object-location binding of emotional images with different interval times for recall. We selected 24 images, 12 of which were neutral emotional valence and 12 of negative emotional valence. The experiment was computerized and inserted inside the Unit platform in the C # language. It was used the experiment with 4 images, being 2 neutral and 2 negative in blocks of 4 images in a serial way. The participants were a total of 168 people who were divided into groups being 136 college students; 16 people with up to 2nd Full Degree; 16 with Psychiatric Diagnosis of Major Depression. Within the group of university students were divided into 4 groups. The first group with interval time for recall of 8 seconds and neutral mood, second group with interval time of 1 second and neutral mood, third group, interval time of 1 second and induced mood, and the fourth group, interval time of 8 seconds and induced mood. For the induction of negative mood was used the procedure of induction of humor of Velten. The results indicated that the induction of humor was not sufficient to significantly decrease the capacity of visual binding formation despite differences being found. The interval time for recall (1 second X 8 Seconds) was also not sufficient to significantly decrease binding capacity. When comparing the binding capacity between the University Groups, Non University and Major Depression, the University Group presented a better performance, followed by Non University students and the worse performance for the group with Major Depression. When analyzing the total of images recalled, dividing between the neutral and negative images between the three groups mentioned above, it was possible to observe that the negative images are more remembered than the neutral ones, nevertheless in the group with Major Depression this difference presented a larger size of It is made. The Major Depression group had a lower overall binding capacity, but a greater tendency to remember negative images. The study of the relationship between emotions and cognition remains a challenge to be won. The work with emotional images adds yet another important variable for the understanding of the phenomenon of codification and memory. Trying to find cognitive markers that help identify and risk Major Depression and human behavior continues to be a great stimulus for future research, although the present study has found promising results.