Autocuidado de mulheres grávidas com doença falciforme: construção de um protocolo de enfermagem

Abstract

Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar demandas terapêuticas/déficits de autocuidado entre mulheres grávidas com doença falciforme e apontar elementos que subsidiem a construção de um protocolo de orientação para o autocuidado às mulheres grávidas com doença falciforme. O referencial teórico metodológico escolhido foi a Teoria do Geral Autocuidado de Orem. Participaram do estudo 15 mulheres grávidas com doença falciforme que fazem acompanhamento de pré-natal em uma instituição de saúde referência para o Estado da Bahia para acompanhamento de gestantes com esta patologia. Os dados foram coletados a partir da entrevista semiestruturada, no período de novembro de 2014 a março de 2015, em sala reservada no ambulatório da referida instituição. Os dados quantitativos foram organizados no programa Microsoft Excel e, para a análise, utilizada a estatística descritiva. Os dados qualitativos foram analisados por meio do Processo de Enfermagem proposto pela Teoria Geral do Autocuidado de Orem. A análise permitiu identificar as Demandas de Autocuidado Universal Fisiológicas - relacionadas a circulação, oxigenação, crises de dor, hábitos alimentares, de eliminação intestinal, sono/repouso, odontológica, eliminação vesical, ingestão de líquidos, de Promoção da saúde - através de medidas de autocuidado adotadas visando a prevenção de riscos e promoção de bem-estar e Psicossociais e Afetivas - relacionadas as atividades sexuais, impossibilidade de ter bem-estar, atividades cotidianas, participação/interação social, autoimagem e autoestima; Demandas de Autocuidado de Desenvolvimento- através de relatos sobre a convivência e expectativas com a gestação, modificações no autocuidado com o diagnóstico de gravidez e experiências de cuidado de outras gestações, bem como o planejamento da gravidez atual; Demandas de Autocuidado de Desvios de Saúde- ao retratarem a influência da doença falciforme na gravidez, com relatos sobre a importância do pré-natal, uso de medicamento e suplemento vitamínico, evidências de medos diversos ao longo da gestação e conhecimento sobre a fisiopatologia da doença; Demandas Raciais e de Gênero vivenciadas na gestação através de experiências vividas de discriminação racial e de gênero, nos serviços de saúde, na gestação. Os achados revelaram também experiências de cuidados nas trajetórias cotidianas de mulheres grávidas com doença falciforme e apontou elementos que poderão subsidiar a construção de um protocolo de orientação para o autocuidado de mulheres grávidas com doença falciforme, baseados nos déficits de autocuidado universal, de desenvolvimento e desvios de saúde identificados no estudo, a partir das demandas terapêuticas, diagnósticos de enfermagem, nível de autocuidado, cuidados enfermagem e resultados esperados; e práticas de autocuidado realizadas por mulheres grávidas com doença falciforme identificadas no estudo, que estejam respaldadas pela literatura científica.

This study aimed to identify therapeutic demands / self-care deficits among pregnant women with sickle cell disease and point out elements that support the construction of protocol guidelines for self care to pregnant women with sickle cell disease. The methodological theoretical framework chosen was the General Theory of Orem Self Care. Study participants were 15 pregnant women with sickle cell disease who do prenatal follow-up in a health institution reference to the State of Bahia for monitoring of pregnant women with this condition. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews, from November 2014 to March 2015, in a private room at the clinic of the institution. Quantitative data were organized in Microsoft Excel program, and to the analysis used descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analyzed using the nursing process proposed by Orem's Self-Care General Theory. The analysis identified the Self-Care Physiological Demands Universal - related circulation, oxygenation, pain crises, eating habits, bowel elimination, sleep / rest, dental, urinary elimination, fluid intake, health promotion - through measures self-care adopted with a view to risk prevention and wellness promotion and Psychosocial and Affective - related sexual activities, inability to have well-being, daily activities, participation / social interaction, self- image and self-esteem; Self-care demands of Development- through accounts of living and expectations with pregnancy, changes in self-care with the diagnosis of pregnancy and care experiences of other pregnancies as well as the planning of current pregnancy; Self-care demands deviations of Health- to portray the influence of sickle cell disease in pregnancy, with reports on the importance of prenatal care, use of medication and vitamin supplement, evidence from various fears throughout gestation and knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease ; Racial demands and Gender experienced during pregnancy through experiences of racial and gender discrimination in health services during pregnancy. The findings also revealed in the daily experiences of care trajectories of pregnant women with sickle cell disease and pointed out evidence that may support the construction protocol guidelines for self care of pregnant women with sickle cell disease, based on the universal self-care deficits, developmental and deviations health identified in the study, from the therapeutic demands, nursing diagnoses, self-care levels, nursing care and expected results; and self-care practices held by pregnant women with sickle cell disease identified in the study, which are backed by scientific literature.

This study aimed to identify therapeutic demands / self-care deficits among pregnant women with sickle cell disease and point out elements that support the construction of protocol guidelines for self care to pregnant women with sickle cell disease. The methodological theoretical framework chosen was the General Theory of Orem Self Care. Study participants were 15 pregnant women with sickle cell disease who do prenatal follow-up in a health institution reference to the State of Bahia for monitoring of pregnant women with this condition. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews, from November 2014 to March 2015, in a private room at the clinic of the institution. Quantitative data were organized in Microsoft Excel program, and to the analysis used descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analyzed using the nursing process proposed by Orem's Self-Care General Theory. The analysis identified the Self-Care Physiological Demands Universal - related circulation, oxygenation, pain crises, eating habits, bowel elimination, sleep / rest, dental, urinary elimination, fluid intake, health promotion - through measures self-care adopted with a view to risk prevention and wellness promotion and Psychosocial and Affective - related sexual activities, inability to have well-being, daily activities, participation / social interaction, self- image and self-esteem; Self-care demands of Development- through accounts of living and expectations with pregnancy, changes in self-care with the diagnosis of pregnancy and care experiences of other pregnancies as well as the planning of current pregnancy; Self-care demands deviations of Health- to portray the influence of sickle cell disease in pregnancy, with reports on the importance of prenatal care, use of medication and vitamin supplement, evidence from various fears throughout gestation and knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease ; Racial demands and Gender experienced during pregnancy through experiences of racial and gender discrimination in health services during pregnancy. The findings also revealed in the daily experiences of care trajectories of pregnant women with sickle cell disease and pointed out evidence that may support the construction protocol guidelines for self care of pregnant women with sickle cell disease, based on the universal self-care deficits, developmental and deviations health identified in the study, from the therapeutic demands, nursing diagnoses, self-care levels, nursing care and expected results; and self-care practices held by pregnant women with sickle cell disease identified in the study, which are backed by scientific literature.