Desenvolvimento de protótipo para geração de energia solar térmica aplicada a processos de aquecimento no semiárido

Abstract

Thermal solar energy is a sustainable and efficient solution to meet energy demands in regions with high solar radiation incidence, such as the Bahia semi-arid. This region presents interesting characteristics, such as high radiation availability throughout the year, but also faces significant challenges related to energy infrastructure and access to conventional energy sources. In this context, flat-plate solar collectors emerge as a promising technology, offering a practical and affordable alternative for thermal energy generation. Although visually similar to photovoltaic panels, which produce electricity, flat-plate solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal energy, making them ideal for processes that require heating. The main objective of this dissertation was to develop, implement, and validate a functional prototype of a thermal solar energy plant using flat-plate collectors, focusing on practical applications aimed at the Bahia semi-arid. The methodology adopted was practical and experimental. The prototype was designed and built, integrating sensors and monitoring systems that allowed the collection and analysis of precise data on its performance under different operational conditions. The hypotheses were validated through experiments that demonstrated the efficiency of the flat-plate collectors in reaching temperatures suitable for specific demands such as pasteurization, water disinfection, and food blanching. Additionally, a model was obtained from the literature and adjusted to reflect the specific conditions of the developed plant, with the goal of performing simulations and future improvements without physically relying on the plant. Subsequently, the theoretical model was validated by comparing it with experimental results, allowing the evaluation of the system under different operational scenarios. The results confirmed the technical and economic feasibility of the developed plant. The prototype proved to be capable of efficiently meeting the thermal demands typical of the Bahia semi-arid, reaching temperatures sufficient for the studied processes. In economic terms, the analysis indicated that the plant presents attractive costs and a competitive payback time, reinforcing its potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional technologies. These results highlight the versatility of flat-plate solar collectors, which can be used in a wide range of applications beyond traditional residential use. The study concluded that thermal solar energy, using flat-plate collectors, represents a promising solution to meet the energy and socioeconomic needs of the Bahia and northeastern semi-arid regions. This work demonstrates how this technology can be adapted to local contexts, promoting environmental sustainability, job and income generation, and the strengthening and decentralization of regional energy infrastructure. The research not only validates the effectiveness of the developed plant but also encourages the adoption of renewable solutions in communities facing structural challenges, contributing significantly to sustainable development. This study provides a solid foundation for future research and technological expansions, reinforcing the strategic role of thermal solar energy in the transition to a cleaner and more efficient energy matrix.