https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/8276 Mon, 04 May 2026 07:49:28 GMT 2026-05-04T07:49:28Z https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/44296 Título: Regionalização e universalização dos serviços de água e esgoto: uma análise crítica a partir da realidade baiana Autor(es): Batista, Gisele dos Santos Primeiro Orientador: Borja, Patrica Campos Abstract: Access to safe drinking water and sanitation services constitutes an essential human right and a foundation for health and social development. In Brazil, the sanitation regulatory framework was consolidated with Law No. 11,445/2007 and later amended by Law No. 14,026/2020, which expanded private sector participation and encouraged regionalization as a strategy to address structural inequalities. This study aimed to analyze the political, economic-financial, and social aspects of the regionalized arrangement for the provision of water supply and sanitation services in the state of Bahia, as well as the prospects for service universalization. The methodology involved a characterization of the study area from a socioeconomic perspective and through basic sanitation indicators capable of outlining the political, economic financial, and social profiles of the state’s microregions, based on data provided by Sinisa and IBGE. The results show that regionalization is structured within a context of strong territorial, socioeconomic, and fiscal heterogeneity, in which the Salvador Metropolitan Region concentrates population, income, and infrastructure, while a large portion of the state territory consists of rural, dispersed microregions with low administrative capacity. The analysis of operational indicators revealed limited and uneven progress, with greater advances in water supply than in sanitation. High distribution losses, intermittent service, and low effectiveness of wastewater treatment persist. Although the Regional Basic Sanitation Plans are aligned with the current legal framework and present standardized goals and indicators, their practical implementation has proven to be incipient. It is concluded that, despite a formally robust institutional design, the effectiveness of sanitation regionalization in Bahia is contingent upon increased investment, strengthened execution capacity and interinstitutional coordination, as well as improvements in governance, transparency, and redistributive induction among microregions. The study’s limitations—related to reliance on secondary data, the scarcity of systematized governance documents, and the absence of interviews with key stakeholders— highlight the need for future research to longitudinally monitor plan implementation, deepen analyses of rural sanitation, and assess the role of regulatory bodies in promoting equity and service universalization. Editora / Evento / Instituição: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA Tipo: Dissertação Tue, 16 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/44296 2025-12-16T00:00:00Z https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/44262 Título: Recondicionamento de membranas de osmose inversa: aplicação na osmose direta para rejeição de desreguladores endócrinos Autor(es): Cerqueira, Luciana Alencar Primeiro Orientador: Arcanjo, Gemima dos Santos Abstract: The increasing water demand has driven the expansion of reverse osmosis (RO) desalination technologies on a global scale, which is associated with increased membrane disposal at the end of their useful life. At the same time, conventional wastewater treatment has limitations in the removal of endocrine disruptors (ED), which expose environmental and human health risks, and the forward osmosis process (FO) appears as a promising and low-cost technology to face these challenges. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate the reconditioning conditions of OI membranes for FO in the rejection of DE. The reconditioning took place via cleaning and chemical oxidation, and the membranes were evaluated in FO as to permeate flow (J) and solute inverse flow (Js), and physical-chemical characterization was performed by tests of hydraulic permeability, rejection, scanning electron microscopy, Infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform, and zeta potential. The membrane determined as an optimal process was analyzed in the rejection of 17β-estradiol (E2) by estrogenic activity (RAE). In the preliminary tests, the desalination membrane with the best performance was exposed to KMnO4 at 250 ppm h, which reached J greater than 3,8 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, while the membranes from deionization systems presented more satisfactory results, with J greater than 7 kg m⁻² h⁻¹. In the definitive tests, the membrane reconditioned with NaClO at 10.000 ppm h showed better performance in FO with Js/J of 0,34 g kg-1, the lowest among those evaluated. Although the results of hydraulic permeability and rejection indicated better balance for the protocols with NaClO 5.000 ppm h and KMnO4 250 ppm h, the global analysis by means of membrane reconditioning index pointed to treatment with NaClO 10.000 ppm h as the most efficient, with a value of 0.96. This result indicates that the protocol removed incrustations and partially degraded the polyamide layer without compromising selectivity, being therefore selected as an optimal condition for the RAE analysis. The characterization suggests that the desalination membranes have severe and irreversible incrustations due to the cleaning and oxidation processes to which they were submitted, which was predicted in all FO tests. The membrane reconditioned with the optimal protocol was evaluated for E2 rejection, presenting a RAE greater than 99%, with a final concentration of 19,3 E2-Eq. ng L-1 in the osmotic solution. The membrane treated with KMnO4 250 ppm h also showed similar performance, with 19,75 E2-Eq. ng L-1 and 99,13% rejection. It is concluded that the reconditioning of OI membranes by chemical oxidation was effective for conversion and application in FO, with satisfactory performances and selectivity like new membranes. Editora / Evento / Instituição: Universidade Federal da Bahia Tipo: Dissertação Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/44262 2026-02-20T00:00:00Z https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/43812 Título: Potencial de Reaproveitamento do Concentrado da Osmose Inversa do Programa Água Doce – Bahia/Brasil Como Solução Osmótica no Processo de Osmose Direta Autor(es): Araújo, Woshington Luiz de Primeiro Orientador: Arcanjo, Gemima Santos Abstract: The Programa Água Doce (PAD) aims to ensure permanent and sustainable access to high-quality drinking water through desalination systems that employ Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology. This technology, however, generates reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC), a potentially polluting by-product. The present study adopted a quantitative methodological approach based on experimental investigation using primary data. The general objective was to evaluate the potential reuse of ROC generated by RO desalination units of the Água Doce Program (PAD) in Bahia, Brazil, as a draw solution in a Forward Osmosis (FO) system. Specifically, the study sought to: (i) assess pollutant removal through the FO process using ROC as the draw solution; (ii) optimize FO system operation under conditions where ROC is used as the draw solution; and (iii) investigate the salinity profile of the draw solution resulting from FO system operation and its potential reuse. The results showed that, after ROC characterization and during 264 hours of operation, the permeate flux progressively decreased, reaching an average value of 2.7 L/m²·h. The reverse salt flux remained relatively constant, although some peaks outside the linear trend were observed, with an average of 6.3 g/m²·h. The average conductivity decreased from 27.67 mS/cm to 15.92 mS/cm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that the new membrane exhibited a uniform and unaltered morphology, with no evidence of fouling. In contrast, the used membrane showed precipitated salt deposits on its surface, which led to a reduction in water flux from 3.89 L/m²·h to 2.83 L/m²·h. Experiments performed with methylene blue (MB) dye showed a 98% rejection rate, demonstrating the efficiency of the Forward Osmosis (FO) process. It can be concluded that the use of ROC as a draw solution (DS) is feasible and advantageous, particularly when diluted and reused from concentrates generated in RO desalination systems. Editora / Evento / Instituição: Universidade Federal da Bahia Tipo: Dissertação Wed, 16 Dec 0016 00:00:00 GMT https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/43812 0016-12-16T00:00:00Z https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/43554 Título: Tecnologias sociais em saneamento e transição agroecológica: desafios teórico-práticos a partir de ações no assentamento de reforma agrária Conjunto Laranjeira – Bahia Autor(es): Guimarães, Maria Eduarda Andrade Primeiro Orientador: Borja, Patrícia Campos Abstract: The lack of access to basic sanitation services in Brazil is alarming and is related to the development model and the concentration of poverty. Public investments in sanitation in Brazil have prioritized urban areas, while rural areas remain outside of government interventions. On the other hand, the National Rural Sanitation Program (PNSR) is advancing in the discussion and consolidation of a rural concept that guides sanitation planning in Brazil and highlights the social function of technology in the planning and project development process, also referring to solutions that are appropriate for the Brazilian rural population. In this sense, this paper aims to discuss the theoretical and practical challenges of access to sanitation from the perspective of agroecological transition in an agrarian reform settlement, using the Action Research methodology. The implementation of a household unit with an evapotranspiration tank was initiated, a household unit with a banana circle was implemented as an alternative for the destination of domestic sewage, and theoretical/practical workshops were held addressing the functioning and importance of agroforestry systems, with a view to maintaining water bodies and soil life, in an Agrarian Reform settlement located between the municipalities of Maraú and Itacaré, Bahia, Brazil. The banana circle proved to be promising and easy to replicate; however, the evapotranspiration tank had a limitation due to its high cost of implementation. Analyses of the water from the springs used for consumption highlighted the need for monitoring and the adoption of simple treatment processes, such as filtration and chlorination. At this point, the presence of the Public Authorities is a requirement. On the other hand, despite the efforts to create the settlement and its legalization, public policies and programs in the field of rural sanitation remain neglected. Contradictions arise in the settlement when the supply of drinking water is not guaranteed, and when the preservation of the recharge area of the springs is affected by government infrastructure projects in transportation, energy and tourism. Water insecurity arises as the paving of the BR-030 highway, which borders the settlement, could affect the springs and compromise the community's water supply systems. Thus, this work contributes to the relationship between sanitation and health promotion, rural sanitation and agroecological transition and, most importantly, exposes the inequities in access to sanitation and the social erasure of these communities. Editora / Evento / Instituição: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA Tipo: Dissertação Thu, 12 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/43554 2025-06-12T00:00:00Z